1.0 Introduction (Preface)
We can learn from the ancient ruins that humans used color for a long time, but it wasn’t until Newton discovered that the sunlight emitted a color spectrum through the prisms and then entered a new era of color science. There were many reflections of light in the 16th and 17th centuries. The study of refraction was preceded by the color theory of the German physicist Ostwald. The emergence of Munsell in the United States in the 20th century continued to lay the foundation for the study of color.
The message conveyed by color influences our lives all the time. In daily life, no matter food, clothing, shelter, entertainment, entertainment are closely related to color, and now people pay more attention to color matching, how to use color to express themselves, create individuality, make themselves more unique taste This is an important part of understanding color. By understanding color, it will make life more colorful.
Color is the visual phenomenon produced by irritating the eyes with light. Without light, there is no color. The physical properties of light are determined by the two factors of amplitude and wavelength. The amplitude is the measure of light. The magnitude of the amplitude determines light and dark; the length of the wavelength affects the hue. When the wavelength is long, it will be red, and short will be blue.
The meaning of color management, especially when using color management software, is to put color control back into the hands of color creators, which has made the development of color management software possible today.
This article provides an outline of how color works in the publishing world and provides a basis for understanding the expectations of achieving color reproduction. At the same time, it discusses the basics of color management with color management software and color measurement devices to calibrate and describe the characteristics of input and output devices such as monitors and printers.
The author of this article once had a long time practical experience in color separation and encountered quite a lot of similar problems. He would be happy to share color knowledge with readers here to help readers know how to obtain more realistic or ideal color reproductions. Or to achieve the most satisfactory communication with customers.
Before we can further understand color, we must first understand our visual organs. Although scientists have studied for a long time, we still do not fully understand what changes will occur in the brain when we observe color. Vision is when light waves When it hits the cones of the eye, it makes our brains feel the colors. This is the so-called visual color.
2.0 Color Description
In the surroundings of life, animals and plants, including nature, have various colors. What is "color"? Simply put, when we look at objects, we need light to shine, and through the interaction of eyes and objects. Since white light contains various colors of light, this can be divided into different wavelengths of light by the sun through the prism. The resulting rainbow illustrates the "visible spectrum" of color combinations that we can see with our eyes. Each color of light has its specific wavelength, and the object appears a certain color because its pigment absorbs some wavelengths of light and reflects other wavelengths into our eyes.
The constituent elements of the color include: the observed substance, the existence of light, and the observer's feelings. When there is no substance or light, it is like being in a darkroom that you will not feel any color.
For example, the “flower butterfly†or “red sweater†color produced in our brain is due to our visual system responding to these light waves.
2.1 Color Perception
The eye is an ocular device. It can not only sense the object but also respond quickly to certain wavelengths. The eyeball mainly contains cone and rod type II photoreceptor cells, in which the cones are sensory and act on light and shade. The difference between them is particularly sensitive. When the brightness is reduced, the rod cells will function but no color will be seen. In brighter conditions, the three cone cells in the retina produce different visual responses to the three light fields: long, medium, and short, allowing us to see the three main colors of red, green, and blue in the spectrum. Domains to form colors.
The color of the object seen by the eye depends on how many red, green, or blue lights are injected into the eye. If no light enters the eye, it will feel black. When red, green, and blue light enter the eye in equal amounts, it will feel white. .
The colors perceived by the eyes can generally be classified into two major categories. The first category is achromatic, which includes white, grey and black. The second type is color, which contains solid colors and other general colors.
When we begin to understand color, we have to look at how white light is usually perceived. It is actually a kind of light wave. Light waves are electromagnetic waves. Humans can see in the middle section of the electromagnetic spectrum and only occupy a very narrow range. After passing through the prisms, different meandering beams are generated. The shorter wavelengths are relatively high-wavelength and more curved due to lower energy, and they range from 380 nm to 760 nm (1 nm = 10 mm to 9 m), and their colors are respectively 380 nm to 430 nm violet, 430 nm to The main colors of 485nm blue, 485nm to 570nm yellow, 585nm to 610nm orange, 610 to 760nm red and so on, when combined together form 10 million different colors like "rainbow", but each person has different feelings about light. Therefore, the visible wavelength is slightly set at 380 nm to 760 nm.
The term "visible light" can sometimes be misleading. Humans cannot "see" infrared or ultraviolet wavelengths because human eyes do not have sensory nerves, but many animals will exceed this range. It has been observed that the visual range of many animals extends beyond these ranges. Color vision is the same as our other senses: taste, touch, hearing, smell, etc. Each person's perception of color sometimes affects the color due to factors such as light source, surrounding colors, emotions when viewed, past experience, and differences in visual ability. Feelings are different, but even though we all look at colors in the same way, we still have different interpretations of it. Due to cultural, social, and other life experiences, when interpreting colors, it is assumed that the identified “blue sky†may be Different from other people.
However, what we sometimes see is not like that! About 8-10% of men and 0.5% of women in all humans have difficulty in distinguishing colors. The most common difficulty is in recognizing red and green, but if it is completely "color-blind" or only sees gray images, it is rare. less. When a person looks at a certain color for a long time, it will cause retina fatigue and the perception of color is no longer accurate. Therefore, a set of standard specifications is needed to systematically confirm what is color.
In some cases, watching colors has a great influence on the color perception, so the viewing environment and light source must be standard. For example, people in the printing industry should avoid using fluorescent and tungsten light to see samples. They should be watched on a standard light source and a grey desktop backing. For example, GTI Soft-View's film box can obtain standard viewing conditions.
We can learn from experience that the same picture will have different results when viewed under three different light sources. For example, when viewed at a color temperature of 6500 degrees, the conditions are similar to those of a department store, and the color is bluer. When the color temperature is 5000 degrees, the conditions are exactly the same as when the printing factory uses near-light fluorescent tubes, and the color is normal. In addition, if the incandescent lamp is viewed at a color temperature of 2500 degrees, the reddish phenomenon will occur.
Color images often contain thousands of different colors. It would seem impossible if color copying is done manually. However, if such a wide-range of colors can be accomplished with the decomposition and combination of the three "master" lights, color reproduction becomes much easier. For example, on the scanner, color separation is accomplished using the principles of red, green, and blue light, and blue, magenta, and yellow inks are mixed on paper. We know that cyan emits green, magenta, and green, and yellow due to the absorption of red light. Absorb blue light, this is the color print that we see.
The color vision is very subjective, and the color perception experienced by each individual will be different because of many variables. Even if we all look at all the colors in the same way, we will still have different interpretations and descriptions of each person’s life experience or religious background. That is why it is necessary to develop color communication standards and simple color measurement devices. one.
2.2 Color Viewing
Since color is a reflection of light, it is easy to understand why in a certain light we can feel and see colors. Even a "white" light may not be the same wavelength as another white light. We have seen a photo in white. Hot and fluorescent effects.
The viewing conditions for printing must be defined on the basis of the same standards. The specifications developed by the American National Standards Institute in 1989 and PH2.30 and adopted by international standards organizations such as ISO 3664 (adopted in 1998) are intended to minimize the process of color evaluation. Many of the same variables are used to improve color communication.
For more information on ANSI standards, see Anthony P.'s Standard Print Viewing Status.
The easiest way to achieve standard viewing suggests using a watch box, but the following suggestions are still the main basis:
1.5,000 K light source (sometimes called D50) Because this particular light source is used to simulate daylight and contains RGB balanced output light, the manufacturer recommends replacing the lamp after every 2,400 hours. The color temperature will change when the light bulb is too long. .
2. Use 22-24 degrees of illumination to avoid dazzling reflections.
3. Before color viewing, the bulb is warmed up for 10-15 minutes to achieve a stable color temperature.
4. The Munsell N8 uses a standard gray paint to watch the wall to reduce the influence of adjacent colors when the color is confirmed.
At the same time, it is also very helpful to keep the interior and surroundings of the watch box clean and tidy. If placing pictures, prints, posters, or other bright colored objects inside or near the viewing box will affect the viewing of colors.
The photographic originals, color proofing, and the judgment of printed samples play a very important role in print production, so how we perceive and reproduce colors is obviously an important matter in the process. Even though color perception is subjective and sometimes opinionated, color knowledge can help customers, printers, color separation workers, and print operators discover that they can help communicate and understand color on a common basis.
2.3 Color Properties
Color has three attributes: Hue, Saturation, and Lightness.
Hue, also known as hue, refers to the appearance of a color, or the name of a different color or the type of color, and hue has nothing to do with light and shade. The apple is red, this red is a hue, such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, black, purple and other basic colors. There are many kinds of hue, and ordinary color professionals can recognize 300 to 400 kinds of species, but if you want to analyze it carefully, there can be as many as 10 million kinds. Black, gray, and white are achromatic colors.
Chroma refers to the strength of color, which is also the saturation of color, and the difference between pure and impure colors. The pure color degree exerts its inherent characteristics, in which there is no black and white blending in, the saturated color or the pure color. That is, when the solid color is mixed with black, gray, white, or other colors, the chroma will be reduced, so the color of pink, pink blue, pink green is the color of low chroma, and the yellow color is the highest. , followed by orange, red, blue and purple.
The value of light refers to the degree of lightness or darkness of the color. The degree of lightness depends on the degree of closeness to white or gray. The closer to white the higher the lightness, and the closer to gray or black, the lower the lightness. For example, red has bright red or deep dark red, blue has light blue or dark blue; the highest and lowest colorless lightness is white and black respectively; among colors, yellow has the highest lightness and purple has the lowest lightness.
2.4 Additive vs Subtractive (RGB) and CMY (Additive vs Subtractive)
There are only two methods for color reproduction in general: additive and subtractive methods. Both of these methods are based on the theory of creating all colors in three primary colors.
Understanding the principles of these two methods can understand the process of color reproduction.
1. additive process: It starts from black, ie there is no color without light. This involves the reflected light after the light is emitted. For the emitted light, there may be three main light waves of red, green, and blue, which, when combined in different proportions, produce a complete spectrum containing all the colors.
Another kind of color produced by mixing any two kinds of additive main color light is called “secondary color lightâ€. For example, a mixture of red and green light will be produced.
We can learn from the ancient ruins that humans used color for a long time, but it wasn’t until Newton discovered that the sunlight emitted a color spectrum through the prisms and then entered a new era of color science. There were many reflections of light in the 16th and 17th centuries. The study of refraction was preceded by the color theory of the German physicist Ostwald. The emergence of Munsell in the United States in the 20th century continued to lay the foundation for the study of color.
The message conveyed by color influences our lives all the time. In daily life, no matter food, clothing, shelter, entertainment, entertainment are closely related to color, and now people pay more attention to color matching, how to use color to express themselves, create individuality, make themselves more unique taste This is an important part of understanding color. By understanding color, it will make life more colorful.
Color is the visual phenomenon produced by irritating the eyes with light. Without light, there is no color. The physical properties of light are determined by the two factors of amplitude and wavelength. The amplitude is the measure of light. The magnitude of the amplitude determines light and dark; the length of the wavelength affects the hue. When the wavelength is long, it will be red, and short will be blue.
The meaning of color management, especially when using color management software, is to put color control back into the hands of color creators, which has made the development of color management software possible today.
This article provides an outline of how color works in the publishing world and provides a basis for understanding the expectations of achieving color reproduction. At the same time, it discusses the basics of color management with color management software and color measurement devices to calibrate and describe the characteristics of input and output devices such as monitors and printers.
The author of this article once had a long time practical experience in color separation and encountered quite a lot of similar problems. He would be happy to share color knowledge with readers here to help readers know how to obtain more realistic or ideal color reproductions. Or to achieve the most satisfactory communication with customers.
Before we can further understand color, we must first understand our visual organs. Although scientists have studied for a long time, we still do not fully understand what changes will occur in the brain when we observe color. Vision is when light waves When it hits the cones of the eye, it makes our brains feel the colors. This is the so-called visual color.
2.0 Color Description
In the surroundings of life, animals and plants, including nature, have various colors. What is "color"? Simply put, when we look at objects, we need light to shine, and through the interaction of eyes and objects. Since white light contains various colors of light, this can be divided into different wavelengths of light by the sun through the prism. The resulting rainbow illustrates the "visible spectrum" of color combinations that we can see with our eyes. Each color of light has its specific wavelength, and the object appears a certain color because its pigment absorbs some wavelengths of light and reflects other wavelengths into our eyes.
The constituent elements of the color include: the observed substance, the existence of light, and the observer's feelings. When there is no substance or light, it is like being in a darkroom that you will not feel any color.
For example, the “flower butterfly†or “red sweater†color produced in our brain is due to our visual system responding to these light waves.
2.1 Color Perception
The eye is an ocular device. It can not only sense the object but also respond quickly to certain wavelengths. The eyeball mainly contains cone and rod type II photoreceptor cells, in which the cones are sensory and act on light and shade. The difference between them is particularly sensitive. When the brightness is reduced, the rod cells will function but no color will be seen. In brighter conditions, the three cone cells in the retina produce different visual responses to the three light fields: long, medium, and short, allowing us to see the three main colors of red, green, and blue in the spectrum. Domains to form colors.
The color of the object seen by the eye depends on how many red, green, or blue lights are injected into the eye. If no light enters the eye, it will feel black. When red, green, and blue light enter the eye in equal amounts, it will feel white. .
The colors perceived by the eyes can generally be classified into two major categories. The first category is achromatic, which includes white, grey and black. The second type is color, which contains solid colors and other general colors.
When we begin to understand color, we have to look at how white light is usually perceived. It is actually a kind of light wave. Light waves are electromagnetic waves. Humans can see in the middle section of the electromagnetic spectrum and only occupy a very narrow range. After passing through the prisms, different meandering beams are generated. The shorter wavelengths are relatively high-wavelength and more curved due to lower energy, and they range from 380 nm to 760 nm (1 nm = 10 mm to 9 m), and their colors are respectively 380 nm to 430 nm violet, 430 nm to The main colors of 485nm blue, 485nm to 570nm yellow, 585nm to 610nm orange, 610 to 760nm red and so on, when combined together form 10 million different colors like "rainbow", but each person has different feelings about light. Therefore, the visible wavelength is slightly set at 380 nm to 760 nm.
The term "visible light" can sometimes be misleading. Humans cannot "see" infrared or ultraviolet wavelengths because human eyes do not have sensory nerves, but many animals will exceed this range. It has been observed that the visual range of many animals extends beyond these ranges. Color vision is the same as our other senses: taste, touch, hearing, smell, etc. Each person's perception of color sometimes affects the color due to factors such as light source, surrounding colors, emotions when viewed, past experience, and differences in visual ability. Feelings are different, but even though we all look at colors in the same way, we still have different interpretations of it. Due to cultural, social, and other life experiences, when interpreting colors, it is assumed that the identified “blue sky†may be Different from other people.
However, what we sometimes see is not like that! About 8-10% of men and 0.5% of women in all humans have difficulty in distinguishing colors. The most common difficulty is in recognizing red and green, but if it is completely "color-blind" or only sees gray images, it is rare. less. When a person looks at a certain color for a long time, it will cause retina fatigue and the perception of color is no longer accurate. Therefore, a set of standard specifications is needed to systematically confirm what is color.
In some cases, watching colors has a great influence on the color perception, so the viewing environment and light source must be standard. For example, people in the printing industry should avoid using fluorescent and tungsten light to see samples. They should be watched on a standard light source and a grey desktop backing. For example, GTI Soft-View's film box can obtain standard viewing conditions.
We can learn from experience that the same picture will have different results when viewed under three different light sources. For example, when viewed at a color temperature of 6500 degrees, the conditions are similar to those of a department store, and the color is bluer. When the color temperature is 5000 degrees, the conditions are exactly the same as when the printing factory uses near-light fluorescent tubes, and the color is normal. In addition, if the incandescent lamp is viewed at a color temperature of 2500 degrees, the reddish phenomenon will occur.
Color images often contain thousands of different colors. It would seem impossible if color copying is done manually. However, if such a wide-range of colors can be accomplished with the decomposition and combination of the three "master" lights, color reproduction becomes much easier. For example, on the scanner, color separation is accomplished using the principles of red, green, and blue light, and blue, magenta, and yellow inks are mixed on paper. We know that cyan emits green, magenta, and green, and yellow due to the absorption of red light. Absorb blue light, this is the color print that we see.
The color vision is very subjective, and the color perception experienced by each individual will be different because of many variables. Even if we all look at all the colors in the same way, we will still have different interpretations and descriptions of each person’s life experience or religious background. That is why it is necessary to develop color communication standards and simple color measurement devices. one.
2.2 Color Viewing
Since color is a reflection of light, it is easy to understand why in a certain light we can feel and see colors. Even a "white" light may not be the same wavelength as another white light. We have seen a photo in white. Hot and fluorescent effects.
The viewing conditions for printing must be defined on the basis of the same standards. The specifications developed by the American National Standards Institute in 1989 and PH2.30 and adopted by international standards organizations such as ISO 3664 (adopted in 1998) are intended to minimize the process of color evaluation. Many of the same variables are used to improve color communication.
For more information on ANSI standards, see Anthony P.'s Standard Print Viewing Status.
The easiest way to achieve standard viewing suggests using a watch box, but the following suggestions are still the main basis:
1.5,000 K light source (sometimes called D50) Because this particular light source is used to simulate daylight and contains RGB balanced output light, the manufacturer recommends replacing the lamp after every 2,400 hours. The color temperature will change when the light bulb is too long. .
2. Use 22-24 degrees of illumination to avoid dazzling reflections.
3. Before color viewing, the bulb is warmed up for 10-15 minutes to achieve a stable color temperature.
4. The Munsell N8 uses a standard gray paint to watch the wall to reduce the influence of adjacent colors when the color is confirmed.
At the same time, it is also very helpful to keep the interior and surroundings of the watch box clean and tidy. If placing pictures, prints, posters, or other bright colored objects inside or near the viewing box will affect the viewing of colors.
The photographic originals, color proofing, and the judgment of printed samples play a very important role in print production, so how we perceive and reproduce colors is obviously an important matter in the process. Even though color perception is subjective and sometimes opinionated, color knowledge can help customers, printers, color separation workers, and print operators discover that they can help communicate and understand color on a common basis.
2.3 Color Properties
Color has three attributes: Hue, Saturation, and Lightness.
Hue, also known as hue, refers to the appearance of a color, or the name of a different color or the type of color, and hue has nothing to do with light and shade. The apple is red, this red is a hue, such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, black, purple and other basic colors. There are many kinds of hue, and ordinary color professionals can recognize 300 to 400 kinds of species, but if you want to analyze it carefully, there can be as many as 10 million kinds. Black, gray, and white are achromatic colors.
Chroma refers to the strength of color, which is also the saturation of color, and the difference between pure and impure colors. The pure color degree exerts its inherent characteristics, in which there is no black and white blending in, the saturated color or the pure color. That is, when the solid color is mixed with black, gray, white, or other colors, the chroma will be reduced, so the color of pink, pink blue, pink green is the color of low chroma, and the yellow color is the highest. , followed by orange, red, blue and purple.
The value of light refers to the degree of lightness or darkness of the color. The degree of lightness depends on the degree of closeness to white or gray. The closer to white the higher the lightness, and the closer to gray or black, the lower the lightness. For example, red has bright red or deep dark red, blue has light blue or dark blue; the highest and lowest colorless lightness is white and black respectively; among colors, yellow has the highest lightness and purple has the lowest lightness.
2.4 Additive vs Subtractive (RGB) and CMY (Additive vs Subtractive)
There are only two methods for color reproduction in general: additive and subtractive methods. Both of these methods are based on the theory of creating all colors in three primary colors.
Understanding the principles of these two methods can understand the process of color reproduction.
1. additive process: It starts from black, ie there is no color without light. This involves the reflected light after the light is emitted. For the emitted light, there may be three main light waves of red, green, and blue, which, when combined in different proportions, produce a complete spectrum containing all the colors.
Another kind of color produced by mixing any two kinds of additive main color light is called “secondary color lightâ€. For example, a mixture of red and green light will be produced.
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